XNA Game Studio Express - 维基百科,自由的百科全书Microsoft XNA ("XNA's Not Acronymed"[1])пјЊе®Ње…Ёж”ЇжЊЃж‰з®Ўд»Јз Ѓзљ„运行环境,由微软提供用以帮助电脑游戏开发、电脑软件开发及管理的一些工具。XNAжЉЉжёёж€Џи®ѕи®Ўе‘从“反复刻版编程”дёи§Јж”ѕе‡єжќҐ[2]пјЊиїжЉЉжёёж€ЏејЂеЏ‘上的所有需要结合到一个系统之дёгЂ‚[3]XNA 工具集在2. XNA Framework[зј–иѕ‘]XNA Framework жЇе»єзЅ®дєЋ . NET Framework 2. 0дёЉпјЊXNA е°†Direct. X的功能以ж‰з®Ўд»Јз Ѓзљ„ж–№ејЏе°ЃиЈ…иїђдЅњпј€е› ж¤еѕ®иЅЇз»€жўдє†Managed Direct. X 9. 0的开发,所以有人称XNAдёєManaged Direct. X 2. 0пј‰пјЊеЏ¦е¤–иїеЉ е…Ґдє†дёЂдє›дё“жіЁдєЋжёёж€ЏејЂеЏ‘дёЉз±»еє“пјЊењЁжЊ‡е®љзљ„е№іеЏ°дёЉдЅївЂњд»Јз Ѓй‡Ќз”ЁвЂќиѕѕд№‹жњЂе¤§ж•€жћњгЂ‚XNA Framework 在一个特别为有管理式游戏运行的通用иЇиЁЂиїђиЎЊеє“пј€Common Language Runtime)版本上运行。这个运行层支持Windows XPгЂЃWindows VistaгЂЃWindows 7гЂЃWindows Phone 7е’ЊXBox 3. XNA Framework 的平台上只要很少甚至不需要任何更改便能运行。现时所有在XNA Framework дёЉзљ„жёёж€Џеї…йњЂдЅїз”ЁC #е’ЊXNA Game Studio Express IDE[1]ејЂеЏ‘гЂ‚XNA зљ„зЁ‹еєЏйѓЅжЇз»§ж‰їи‡ЄGame class,它包含了所有重要的游戏组件,比如图形设备(Graphic Deviceпј‰гЂЃзЄ—еЏЈи®ѕзЅ®д»ҐеЏЉе†…е®№з®Ўзђ†е™ЁпјЊдЅ д№џеЏЇд»Ґж·»еЉ Game. Component classе€°дЅ зљ„Game classгЂ‚XNA Framework 把所有用作游戏编程的低级技术封装起来,例如XNAжЏђдѕ›дє†Effectпј€Basic. Effect)类来处理大部分з»е›ѕзќЂи‰Із›ёе…ізљ„е·ҐдЅњпјЊејЂеЏ‘дєєе‘不需再理会“矩йµеЏж•°вЂќз›ёд№пјЊеЏЄи¦ЃжЊ‡е®љеЇ№и±Ўзљ„WorldгЂЃViewгЂЃProjectionеЌіеЏЇ[4]пјЊе…¶з›ёд№ж•€жћњз”±Shader档自动处理。Effect жњ¬иє«иїиѓЅз”ЁдєЋеЉ иЅЅе’Њзј–иЇ‘shader, Effect. Current. Technique еЏЇз”ЁдєЋжЊ‡е®љtechnique, еѓЏжЇAmbient. Light; Effect. Set. Value可以用来设置Shaderзљ„еЏ‚ж•°гЂ‚дёЂдёЄeffectеЊ…еђ«дёЂдёЄж€–е¤љдёЄtechniqueпјЊдёЂдёЄtechnique包含一个以上的passгЂ‚ењЁpassй‡ЊйќўеЏЇиѓЅиїжњ‰Vertex. Shader, Pixel. ShaderпјЊиї™дє›е…ѓзґ жћ„ж€ђдёЂд»Ѕeffect文件, иї™д№џе°±жЇжћЃз®ЂеЊ–еђЋзљ„HLSLд»Јз ЃгЂ‚е› ж¤пјЊжёёж€ЏејЂеЏ‘е‘就可以专注于游戏内容开发而不用关心游戏移植至不同平台上的问йўпјЊжёёж€ЏеЏЄи¦ЃејЂеЏ‘дєЋXNA 的平台上,所有硬件只要支持XNAйѓЅиѓЅиїђиЎЊгЂ‚XNA Framework иїе†…置一些工具,例如XACT以帮助游戏内容开发。这些工具иїиѓЅеё®еЉ©ејЂеЏ‘视觉和听觉效果和和像真度很й«зљ„模型制作。XNA Framework еђЊж—¶ж”ЇжЊЃ2. D е’Њ3. D зљ„жёёж€ЏејЂеЏ‘д№џж”ЇжЊЃXBox 3. Content Pipeline被用来导入. Textureпј‰гЂЃ3. DжЁЎећ‹гЂЃзќЂи‰Іе™Ёпј€shaderпј‰гЂ‚ShaderжЊ‡д»¤з»Џиї‡зј–иЇ‘д№‹еђЋпјЊз›ґжЋҐеЉ иЅЅе€°жѕеЌЎдёЉзљ„GPU来运行。Xbox Live卖场可以升级开发者的XNA Game Studio Express 以使能把他们开发的游戏用于Xbox 3. XNAзљ„жµЃзЁ‹з®Ђд»‹[зј–иѕ‘]首先,让我们看看Programs. System. namespace Windows. Game. 1. #if WINDOWS || XBOX. Program. static void Main(string[] args). Game. 1 game = new Game. Run(). й¦–е…€и¦ЃдЅїз”ЁSystem名称空间,并且判ж–иїђиЎЊзЋЇеўѓжЇеђ¦ењЁWindowsж€–жЇXbox. Program й‡Њйќўзљ„static void Main(string[] args){..}жЇзЁ‹еєЏзљ„иї›е…Ґз‚№(C#еџєжњ¬еёёиЇ†),然后产生一个Game. Game. 1еЇ№и±Ўзљ„runж–№жі•иїђиЎЊжёёж€ЏгЂ‚еђЋйќўд»‹з»Ќжњ‰е…іGame. System. using System. Thank you for your interest in Xbox Live Indie Games, however we are no longer accepting new memberships. More information can be found in our announcement here. An alternative to using XNA Refresh would be to use the following script to install XNA for you. It will automatically build part of VS 2010 temporarily, as I can. Xbox 360 games written in XNA Game Studio can be submitted to the App Hub, [25] for which premium membership is required (about US$99/year). All games submitted to. Microsoft XNA Game Studio 4.0 makes it easier than ever to create great video games for Windows-based PCs, Xbox 360 consoles, and Windows Phone. XNA tutorial instructs all individuals about video game development. Learn more about XNA tutorials such as game programming, game design, XNA Game Studio, etc at. App Hub has stopped accepting for peer review and playtest any game or game update that was made with XNA Game Studio 3.1. Developers creating games for Xbox LIVE. Microsoft XNA ('XNA's Not Acronymed'),完全支持托管代码的运行环境,由微软提供用以帮助电脑游戏开发、电脑软件开发及管理的一些. XNA Game Studio 4.0 doesn't officially support Visual Studio 2012, but a few easy steps are all it takes to get it working. Collections. Generic. System. Linq. using Microsoft. Xna. Framework. using Microsoft. Xna. Framework. Audio. Microsoft. Xna. Framework. Content. using Microsoft. Xna. Framework. Gamer. Services. using Microsoft. Xna. Framework. Graphics. Microsoft. Xna. Framework. Input. using Microsoft. Xna. Framework. Media. System C#жњЂеџєжњ¬зљ„еђЌз§°з©єй—ґSystem,Collections. Generic жі›ећ‹зљ„еђЌз§°з©єй—ґSystem. Linq Ling(一种嵌入式的数据库查询иЇиЁЂ)зљ„еђЌз§°з©єй—ґMicrosoft. Xna. Framework XNAеџєзЎЂеђЌз§°з©єй—ґMicrosoft. Xna. Framework. Audio XNAйџіж•€ж–№йќўеђЌз§°з©єй—ґMicrosoft. Xna. Framework. Content XNAе†…е®№иѕ“е‡єе…ҐеђЌз§°з©єй—ґMicrosoft. Xna. Framework. Gamer. Services XNA玩家权限名称空间Microsoft. Xna. Framework. Graphics XNAз»е›ѕеђЌз§°з©єй—ґMicrosoft. Xna. Framework. Input XNAиѕ“е‡єе…Ґ(й”®з›гЂЃйј ж ‡)еђЌз§°з©єй—ґMicrosoft. Xna. Framework. Media XNAе¤љеЄ’дЅ“еђЌз§°з©єй—ґ. Windows. Game. 1. Windows. Game. 1зљ„еђЌз§°з©єй—ґпјЊй‡ЊйќўеЊ…еђ«зќЂдёЂдёЄз±». Game. 1 : Microsoft. Xna. Framework. Game. Game. 1类,继承Microsoft. Xna. Framework. Gameз±»е…¶дёGame. Graphics. Device. Manager graphics. Sprite. Batch sprite. Batch. public Game. Graphics. Device. Manager(this). Content. Root. Directory = "Content". Graphics. Device. Managerз±»жЇз®Ўзђ†жњ‰е…із»е›ѕеЌЎж–№йќўзљ„и®ѕзЅ®Sprite. Batchз±»е€™жЇжњ‰е…і2. D图片、文е—зљ„з»з”»и®ѕзЅ®гЂ‚иїеЏЇд»Ґзњ‹е€°дёЂдёЄе»єжћ„ејЏpublic Game. Contentзљ„з›®еЅ•ењЁContent文件夹之下接下来. Initialize(). base. Initialize(). жЇдёЂдёЄж”№е†™еЋџз€¶з±»зљ„е€ќе§‹ж–№жі•е› дёєMicrosoft已经把繁复的初始内写在父类当дёеЏеѕ—相当简化,直接调用base(еџєеє•з±»)使用即可所以可以让制作者专心在游戏重点的初始化接下来. Load. Content(). sprite. Batch = new Sprite. Batch(Graphics. Device). BatchеЇ№и±ЎйЂљиї‡з»е›ѕи®ѕе¤‡еЏ‚ж•°пјЊиЂЊдє§з”џз„¶еђЋе€¶дЅњиЂ…еЏЇд»ҐдёЉдј е…¶жѓіи¦Ѓзљ„е†…е®№пјЊе†™жі•е¦‚дё‹. Content. Load< T> ("Asset. Name"). T可以жЇеѕ€е¤љз§Ќз±»ећ‹пјЊеѓЏжЇTexture. DгЂЃModel.. з‰пјЊиЂЊAsset. Nameе€™жЇе†…е®№еђЌз§°гЂ‚иї™й‡Њдё»и¦ЃжЇдЅїз”Ёе€°дє†жі›ећ‹. Unload. Content(). Update(Game. Time game. Time). if (Game. Pad. Get. State(Player. Index. One). Buttons. Back == Button. State. Pressed). this. Exit(). Update(game. Time). Game. Time对象可以获取游戏时间。 еЏ¦е¤–йЂљиї‡Game. PadеЇ№и±Ў 可以得知玩家1жЇеђ¦жЊ‰дё‹дє†еЂ’йЂЂй”®иЂЊз»“жќџжёёж€Џ 如果想通过键з›еЏЇд»Ґиї™ж ·е†™. Keyboard. Get. State(). Is. Key. Down(Keys. Back)){..}. 最后会调用父类 base. Update(game. Time); 接下来. Draw(Game. Time game. Time). Graphics. Device. Clear(Color. Cornflower. Blue). base. Draw(game. Time). 这部分жЇз»е›ѕзљ„部分,也需要游戏时间确定画面跟逻辑更新жЇеђЊжҐзљ„пјЊ й¦–е…€дЅїз”ЁGame. DeviceеЇ№и±ЎClear方法,把画面清成淡蓝色,同时也调用父类进行运作。 Updateи·џDrawдјљиїћз»иї›иЎЊжЇЏз§’й’џ6. HZ的更新速度来跑动游戏,直到出现离开程序指令。XNAдёе®ћзЋ°Shader[зј–иѕ‘]Basic. EffectжЇXNA е†…зЅ®зљ„ Shader, ж”ЇжЊЃ1. Content. Pipelineж №жЌ®xnb模型文件说жЋпјЊи®ѕзЅ®жЁЎећ‹зљ„Mesh. Partзљ„Basic. EffectеЏ‚ж•°гЂ‚XNAдёе®ћзЋ°Shaderеѕ€з®ЂеЌ•гЂ‚еЇ№XNA程序来说,ShaderжЇдёЂдёЄе°ЏзЁ‹еєЏпјЊеЏЄи¦ЃжЉЉshader文件(. Contents еЌіеЏЇпјЊдјљи‡ЄеЉЁз”џж€ђзґ жќђпј€materialпј‰гЂ‚technique Technique. Pass. 1. Vertex. Shader = compilevs_2_0 Vertex. Shader. Function(). Pixel. Shader = compileps_2_0 Pixel. Shader. Function(). XNA Effect class жќҐеЉ иЅЅе’Њзј–иЇ‘shaderгЂ‚HLSL可以在XNAж€–жЇDirect. XдЅїз”ЁгЂ‚. effect = Content. Load< Effect> ("My. Shader"). effect. Current. Technique = effect. Techniques ["Ambient. Light" ]. effect. Begin(). foreach (Effect. Pass pass in effect. Current. Technique. Passes). pass. Begin(). End(). effect. End(); // 終жўдЅїз”Ё effect. Basic. Effect 以外的Shader, дЅ еї…йЎ»и‡Єе·±и°ѓз”ЁDraw. Primitive()гЂ‚2. 00. Microsoft XNA Build March 2. CTP ењЁGDC дёЉиў«еЏ‘еёѓгЂ‚XNA Build жЇдёЂе·Ґе…·пјЊе…Ѓи®ёдЅ з®Ўзђ†е¤Ќжќ‚зљ„зј–иЇ‘пјЊз±»дјјMsbuild е’ЊAnts,功能更强大。2. XNA Game Studio Express Beta. XNA Game Studio Expressзљ„жЈејЏз‰€пјЊиЇҐз‰€жњ¬еЉ е…Ґдє†е†…е®№жё йЃ“пј€Content Pipelineпј‰гЂ‚XNA Game Studio[зј–иѕ‘]2. XNAеЏ‘еёѓдє†жњџеѕ…е·Ід№…зљ„XNA 4. Windows Phone Developer Tool CTPдёгЂ‚目前只有英文版本,可以用于编写Silverlightж€–XNA for Windows Phoneжёёж€ЏпјЊXboxжёёж€ЏпјЊPCжёёж€ЏпјЊжІЎжњ‰Zune游戏的开发模版。XNA Game Studio Express[зј–иѕ‘]第一个XNA Game Studio Express зљ„beta版本首度于2. Microsoft 更新 XNA Game Studio Express 1. Refresh.[6]XNA Game Studio 2. XNA Game Studio 2. XNA Game Studio 2. Visual Studio 2. 00. Visual C# 2. 00. 5 Express Edition)гЂ‚XNA Game Studio 3. XNA Game Studio 3. Visual Studio 2. 00. Zuneзљ„жёёж€ЏејЂеЏ‘гЂ‚beta版在2. XNA Game Studio 3. C# 3. 0, Visual Studio 2. LINQ. ењЁXNA3. 0дёпјЊSound. Effect可以不通过XACT也可以做到特效的处理。XNA Game Studio 3. XNA Game Studio 3. Audio API, иїж”ЇжЊЃXbox LIVE Party system 并且可以使用 Xbox 3. Avatars[1. 0]гЂ‚XNA Game Studio 4[зј–иѕ‘]XNA Game Studio 4 жњЂж—©2. Community Technical Preview" ењЁ GDC дёЉеЏ‘еёѓ, 并于2. XNA 4集成了Visual Studio 2. Windows Phone 7 е№іеЏ° (包括:3. D APIзљ„зЎ¬д»¶еЉ йЂџ)гЂ‚Vertex. Declaration ењЁ XNA Game Studio 4. Sprite. Batch. Begin也可以配合pixel shaderгЂ‚XNA Framework Content Pipeline[зј–иѕ‘]XNAжћ¶жћ„зґ жќђжё йЃ“пј€XNA Framework Content Pipelineпј‰жЇдёЂз§ЌеЏЇж‰©е±•зљ„зґ жќђе¤„зђ†жЎ†жћ¶пјЊзґ жќђпј€Contentпј‰жЇењЁVisual C# Expressе†…иї›иЎЊз®Ўзђ†гЂ‚ењЁж·»еЉ зґ жќђж—¶пјЊйњЂи¦ЃйЂ‰ж‹©е·Ґе…·пј€importer),例如: Autodesk FBXпјЊ. FX, . XAP,这些工具用于接收数据,FBXжЇдёЂз§ЌиЅ¬з§»3. Dпј€3. D transportпј‰ж–‡д»¶ж јејЏпјЊе°†е…¶ж ‡е‡†еЊ–пј€normalizeпј‰гЂ‚XDK Extensions[зј–иѕ‘]жЈејЏеђЌз§°жЇ XNA Game Studio Professional, XDK Extensions жЇ XNA Game Studio й™„еЉ пјЊеЏЇз”ЁдєЋеЏ‘е±•Microsoft Xbox 3. XNA 并未能真жЈеЏ‘挥的作用,例如使游戏编程更容ж“гЂ‚иї™жЇе› 为他没有一些重要的功能如骨骼动画(Skeletal animationпј‰пјЊеЇ№е€ќе¦иЂ…иЂЊиЁЂиїжЇжЇ”иѕѓе¤Ќжќ‚зљ„зј–зЁ‹гЂ‚еЏ¦дёЂдёЄй—®йўжЇжњ‰дєєи®¤дёєXNA 没让开发者有太多控制权,这使得大多数的大型游戏制件过иїжЇз”ЁC++直接调用Direct. XгЂ‚ењЁзЁ‹еєЏзј–иѕ‘дёЉпјЊXNA 确实大幅改善了繁杂的程序设计。包括:资源回收系统、简ж“еЈ°йџіAPI, дёЋиѓЊж™ЇдїќжЉ¤зЁ‹еєЏзљ„е†ІзЄЃж”№е–„з‰гЂ‚дЅ†жЇз”±дєЋдјЃдёљз•Ње·Із»ЏжЉ•е…Ґе¤§й‡ЏеїѓеЉ›ењЁC++дёЋDirect. X上面,目前仍然鲜见有企业愿意针对新иЇиЁЂC# иїжњ‰ж–°е№іеЏ°XNA 进行投资。外部链接[зј–иѕ‘]. Microsoft XNA - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Microsoft XNA (a recursive acronym for XNA's Not Acronymed[4]) is a freeware set of tools with a managed runtime environment provided by Microsoft that facilitates video gamedevelopment and management. XNA is based on the . NET Framework, with versions that run on Windows NT, Windows Phone and the Xbox 3. XNA content is built with the XNA Game Studio, and played using the XNA Framework (for Windows games), or published as native executables (for Xbox 3. Windows Phone and Zune). In many respects, XNA can be thought of as a . NET analog to Microsoft's better known game development system, Direct. X, but it is aimed at developers primarily interested in writing lightweight games that run on a variety of Microsoft platforms. XNA is the basic platform for Xbox Live Indie Games. The XNA toolset was announced March 2. Game Developers Conference in San Jose, California. A first Community Technology Preview of XNA Build was released on March 1. XNA Game Studio 2. December 2. 00. 7, followed by XNA Game Studio 3. October 3. 0, 2. 00. XNA Game Studio 4. September 1. 6, 2. Windows Phone Development Tools. According to an email sent on 3. January 2. 01. 3, XNA is no longer actively being developed,[5] and it is not supported under the new "Metro interface" layers of Windows 8 nor on the Windows RT platform.[6]An open source cross platform version of the Microsoft XNA 4 Application programming interface called Mono. Game is actively being developed. Overview[edit]XNA Framework[edit]Microsoft XNA Framework is based on the native implementation of . NET Compact Framework 2. Xbox 3. 60 development and . NET Framework 2. 0 on Windows. It includes an extensive set of class libraries, specific to game development, to promote maximum code reuse across target platforms. The framework runs on a version of the Common Language Runtime that is optimized for gaming to provide a managed execution environment. The runtime is available for Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows Phone and Xbox 3. Since XNA games are written for the runtime, they can run on any platform that supports the XNA Framework with minimal or no modification. Games that run on the framework can technically be written in any . NET- compliant language, but only C# in XNA Game Studio Express IDE and all versions of Visual Studio 2. XNA 4. 0)[7][not in citation given] are officially supported.[8] Support for Visual Basic . NET was added in 2. The XNA Framework encapsulates low- level technological details involved in coding a game, making sure that the framework itself takes care of the difference between platforms when games are ported from one compatible platform to another, and thereby allowing game developers to focus more on the content and gaming experience. The XNA Framework integrates with a number of tools, such as the Cross- platform Audio Creation Tool (XACT), to aid in content creation. The XNA Framework provides support for both 2. D and 3. D game creation and allows use of the Xbox 3. XNA framework games that target the Xbox platform can currently only be distributed by members of the Microsoft XNA Creator's Club which carries a $9. Desktop applications can be distributed free of charge under Microsoft's current licensing. XNA Build[edit]XNA Build is a set of game asset pipeline management tools, which help by defining, maintaining, debugging, and optimizing the game asset pipeline of individual game development efforts. A game asset pipeline describes the process by which game content, such as textures and 3. D models, are modified to a form suitable for use by the gaming engine. XNA Build helps identify the pipeline dependencies, and also provides API access to enable further processing of the dependency data. The dependency data can be analyzed to help reduce the size of a game by finding content that is not actually used. For example, XNA Build analysis revealed that 4. Mech. Commander 2 were unused and could have been omitted.[1. XNA Game Studio[edit]XNA Game Studio is a programming environment for development of games.[1. Five revisions have been released so far, but as of 2. XNA Game Studio Express was the first version released on August 3. It was available as a free download. Express provides basic "starter kits" for rapid development of specific genres of games, such as platform games, real- time strategy, and first- person shooters. Developers could create Windows games for free with the XNA Framework, but to run their games on the Xbox 3. US$9. 9 (or a four- month fee of US$4. Microsoft XNA Creator's Club. With an update, XNA developers could compile Xbox 3. Microsoft XNA Creator's Club members. XNA Game Studio 2. December 1. 3, 2. XNA Game Studio 2. Visual Studio 2. 00. Visual C# 2. 00. 5 Express Edition),[1. API using Xbox Live on both Windows and Xbox 3. XNA Game Studio 3. Visual Studio 2. 00. Visual C# 2. 00. 8 Express Edition) allows production of games targeting the Zune platform and adds Xbox Live community support. It was released on October 3. C# 3. 0, LINQ and most versions of Visual Studio 2. XNA Game Studio 4. September 1. 6, 2. It added support for the Windows Phone platform (including 3. D hardware acceleration), framework hardware profiles, configurable effects, built- in state objects, graphics device scalars and orientation, cross- platform and multi- touch input, microphone input and buffered audio playback, and Visual Studio 2. XNA "Game Studio 4. Refresh" was released on On 6 October 2. Windows Phone 7. 5 (Mango), and Visual Basic.[2. XNA Framework Content Pipeline[edit]The XNA Framework Content Pipeline is a set of tools that allows Visual Studio and XNA Studio to act "as the key design point around organizing and consuming 3. D content".[1. 1]XDK Extensions[edit]Formerly known as XNA Game Studio Professional, XDK Extensions is an add- on to XNA Game Studio and requires the Microsoft Xbox 3. Development Kit.[2. Both are only available for licensed Xbox developers. The extensions include additional managed APIs for achievements, leaderboards, and other features reserved for licensed game titles. Titles developed using XDK Extensions include winners of Microsoft's Dream. Build. Play competition among others. The most heavily publicized of these was The Dishwasher: Dead Samurai. License agreement[edit]The Microsoft XNA Framework 2. EULA specifically prohibits the distribution of commercial networked games that connect to Xbox Live and/or Games for Windows Live in the absence of a specific agreement signed by both the developer and Microsoft.[2. This means that XNA Game Studio can still be used to develop commercial games and other programs for the Windows platform, although Microsoft's networking support code for Xbox/Windows Live cannot be used. Self- developed network code can still be used inside the developer's XNA project.[citation needed]Games created using XNA Game Studio may be distributed via Xbox Live Indie Games[2. Windows Phone marketplace. The software may also be used to create commercial games which target Windows.[citation needed]Dream Build Play[edit]Dream Build Play is an annual and global $7. Microsoft contest promoting Microsoft XNA and eventually Xbox LIVE Indie Games, although it predated it. The contest was first announced in 2. January 2. 00. 7.[2. Many winners are notable developers in the Indie Game community. Xbox LIVE Indie Games[edit]Xbox 3. XNA Game Studio can be submitted to the App Hub,[2. US$9. 9/year). All games submitted to the App Hub are subjected to peer review by other creators. If the game passes review then it is listed on Xbox Live Marketplace. Creators can set a price of 8. The creator is paid 7. Microsoft originally planned to take an additional percentage of revenue if they provided additional marketing for a game, but this policy was rescinded in March 2. Microsoft also distributes a free year premium App Hub subscription for educational establishments through their Dream. Spark program and MSDNAA. These accounts allow students to develop games for the Xbox 3. Xbox Live account to submit their game to the marketplace. Alternative implementations[edit]A project called Mono. XNA was formed to port XNA to the open source and cross- platform Mono framework.[2. From the codebase of Mono. XNA and Silver. Sprite, a new project called Mono. Game was formed to port XNA to several mobile devices.[2. As of version 3. 0. March 3, 2. 01. 3), support is stable for i. OS, Android including OUYA, Mac OS X, Linux and Metro for Windows 8, Windows RT and Windows Phone 8, as well as Play. Station Mobile in 2. D. Play. Station Mobile 3. D and Raspberry Pi development are currently in progress.[3. An open source project called Grommet contains a limited port for embedded devices using the . NET Micro Framework.[3. A project called ANX is available which implements its own version of XNA using the Sharp. DX stack, support for Linux, Mac OS X and the Play. Station Vita is in progress as well.[3. Using ANX, developers are able to write games using code that is very similar to XNA, while still being considered a Metro application in Windows 8. Partial list of games that use XNA[edit]Game. Year. Platform(s)Developer. Publisher. Akane the Kunoichi. Windows, Xbox 3. 60, Windows Phone, i. OSHaruneko. Haruneko. Aliens vs. Romans. Xbox 3. 60. Sick Kreations. Sick Kreations. Amazing Princess Sarah. Windows, Xbox 3. 60, Windows Phone, Xbox One. Haruneko. Haruneko. Apoc. Z2. 01. 4Xbox 3. Sick Kreations. Sick Kreations. Apotheon. 20. 15. Windows, OS X, Linux, Play. Station 4. Alientrap. Alientrap. A. R. E. S.: Extinction Agenda. Windows, Xbox 3. 60, On. Live. Extend Studio. Origo Games. Bastion. Windows, OS X, Linux, Xbox 3. Chrome, i. OSSupergiant Games. Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. Battle High. 20. 11. Windows, Xbox 3. 60. Mattrified Games. Mattrified Games. Biocide. 20. 12. Windows Phone. Tony Sakariya. Tony Sakariya. Blazing Birds. 20. Xbox 3. 60. Vector 2 Games. Microsoft Studios. Bleed. 20. 12. Windows, OS X, Xbox 3. Bootdisk Revolution. Bootdisk Revolutio'Blockhead.
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Side Football Game. The game is loading. In the meantime an advertisement is showing below. Liverpool- Kop. com. Last month, Jurgen Klopp declared that he was 'absolutely satisfied' with Liverpool's 'goalkeeper situation', but several costly mistakes later, it appears that the satisfaction with Adam Bogdan has dissipated to the extent that the Hungarian's Anfield career is now hanging by a thread. According to The Mirror: * Klopp has lost faith in Bogdan (who he described as 'brilliant' in October) and is willing to let him leave.* Liverpool's manager doesn't want to wait till the summer, and he'll let Bogdan leave during the January transfer window. It's over for Bogdan at Anfield, and the writing was on the wall five minutes after Liverpool brought Danny Ward back to Anfield. Ward has replaced Bogdan on the bench for the last two games, and I doubt that's going to change any time soon. Bogdan's struggles are hardly surprising, though; what did Liverpool expect when signing a goalkeeper who struggled to be first- choice at Bolton? On the day Liverpool signed Bogdan, I posted the following: "Bogdan doesn't have the stature, experience, or ability to permanently relegate Mignolet to the bench, which (arguably) makes his signing a retrograde step for Liverpool". I also posted an article detailing nine reasons why signing Bogdan was a mistake. Now, I feel compelled to clarify a tedious misconception: I (and others) regularly called for Bogdan to be given a chance ahead of Mignolet, and I stand by that, for the following reasons: * Once he signed, Bogdan become Liverpool's back- up goalkeeper, and there's obviously nothing I could do about that (!) I may have been against the signing, but there's always a possibility that an unfancied player may step- up and do the business.* Mignolet is error- prone, and needed to be replaced. Like every player, Bogdan deserves a chance to stake his claim. I (and many others) called for him to be given that chance (just as I called for Teixiera to be given a chance).* Bogdan had the opportunity to put some serious pressure on Mignolet, but he failed miserably. That's life. Some players triumph under the pressure, and some fold. Louis van Gaal's side did not perform an act of larceny that. Despite playing well and bossing the game for long spells, Liverpool couldn't take advantage of. . not the game on Sunday. January 16 2016, 12:46 pm; Page 1 of 47; Most Read on F365. Mails: *This* Man United. On Liverpool's shooting. The key point here is that you'll never know unless the player is given a chance.* As such, calling for Bogdan to be given a chance is not retrospectively wrong just because he failed. The same principle applies with Ward: I'll call for him to be given a chance, and if he gets the opportunity and fails (like Bogdan), then so be it. In my view, the possibility of failure should never be a reason to keep a player on the bench. That applies to Bogdan, Teixeira, and a whole host of youngsters currently toiling away in the Academy. Ultimately, Bogdan had his chance, and failed. Klopp learned something about the player, and now he can plan accordingly (as he appears to be doing). Author: Jaimie K. PlayFootball are premium FA accredited. Blackpool Bury Colchester Gillingham Liverpool Luton Nottingham Portsmouth Preston Romford. roof nets or extended side. Watch Barclays Premier League Monday Night Football live online as Liverpool. AFC Bournemouth Live Online: Danger Game. Liverpool FC Vs. AFC Bournemouth. The Official Website of Royal Liverpool Golf Club, Hoylake. Test your game on one of the world's most historic and challenging links courses. 5 A SIDE FOOTBALL GAME - Comments: AlexioFirth (5 October 2014): CITY. amazing won 10-3 against torquay. i was liverpool Mattytat (). Get the latest North Texas Mean Green news, scores, stats, standings, rumors, and more from ESPN. DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "- //W3. C//DTD XHTML 1. 0 Transitional//EN". Our Mission. The University Union enhances the educational process and builds community by providing an inclusive environment where individuals are valued through. DentonRC.com is the official website for The Denton Record-Chronicle newspaper, Denton's trusted source for area news, sports, weather and more. TR/xhtml. 1/DTD/xhtml. Generator" content="NReadability 1. Handheld. Friendly" content="true" /> . Deprecated: Assigning the return value of new by reference is deprecated in /nas/cs_www/cstv/html/CSTV/4. CSTV. com: #1 in College SportsDOCTYPE html PUBLIC "- //W3. C//DTD XHTML 1. 0 Transitional//EN". TR/xhtml. 1/DTD/xhtml. Generator" content="NReadability 1. Handheld. Friendly" content="true" /> Warlords Battlecry III Offical Web Site. Get all the latest news about the next installment in the award- winning Battlecry series, Warlords Battlecry III right here! We’ll be constantly updating this site with the latest inside information on the game. For now, check out some of the concept art under the concept art section. Also you can stop by the storyline page and read a snippet of what's to come in the land of Etheria. Want to chat? Stop by the. Warlords Battlecry III forums and talk one on one with the development team of the famous Warlords Battlecry series. Warlords (game series) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Warlords is a computer game series created by Steve Fawkner, in which role- playing elements are combined with turn- based strategy in a fantasy setting. The series includes four official games and two extension packs. Several remakes (both officially supported and fan- contributed) exist. Gameplay[edit]The central aspects of Warlords game series are units, heroes, cities and diplomacy. Units are the expendable resource in Warlords, produced and/or purchased in all active cities. Units come in different types such as light infantry, archers, elephants, and even mythological creatures such as minotaurs and unicorns. Get the latest Warlords BattleCry 3 cheats, codes, unlockables, hints, Easter eggs, glitches, tips, tricks, hacks, downloads, achievements, guides, FAQs, walkthroughs. Gameplay. The central aspects of Warlords game series are units, heroes, cities and diplomacy. Units. Units are the expendable resource in Warlords, produced and/or. Warlords Battlecry II is a real-time strategy and role-playing game, developed by SSG as the sequel to Warlords Battlecry. It was released on March 12, 2002. [2].
All units in Warlords have several standard properties: strength, distance of movement per turn, cost, and upkeep. Some have additional special abilities such as fly, bonuses to defense or combat, or traverse difficult terrain without hindrances.[1] Since the introduction of Warlords III, units also have hit points. Allies are a special type of unit only found by searching ruins or hidden temples. Allies are relatively powerful compared to regular units, don't require upkeep, and often include one or more special abilities. Allies include units such as wizards, dragons, devils, and archons (angels). Some versions of the game, such as Warlords II, have an option to allow cities to produce allies like regular units. In this case, the allies require upkeep and have a production cost. Heroes are a special type of unit with a unique set of properties and special abilities: [2][3]Possess items - Heroes may pick up items found in ruins or in hidden tombs. These items increase your hero's or his stack combat abilities, player income, or the ability to cast spells (Warlords III); Search ruins and hidden tombs - Heroes may search ruins and hidden tombs to fight a special enemy unit. If successful, the hero is rewarded with money, items, or allies; Receive and complete a quest - A hero may receive a quest from a temple, whereupon completion results in a reward of money, items, or allies. Only one hero at a time may be on a quest; Cast spells - Starting with Warlords III, heroes may gain the ability to cast spells. Experience Points - Heroes are the only units to gain experience points by killing enemy units, conquering cities, and completing quests. More experience results in higher levels, up to a maximum of level 5 (except in Warlords 4) increasing the unit's combat abilities and movement per level. Within Warlords 4 you may keep 3 units from each battle as a personal retinue, this creates a replayability within the game and allows you to obtain very high levels with each of the units you hold in your retinue (waaaay above level 5). Each player begins play with a level 1 hero at the start of the game. Unlike other units, additional heroes can not be produced by cities or discovered in ruins or hidden tombs. The only way to gain a new hero is to accept an offer in exchange for money. Newly hired heroes often come with allies.[1] Heroes have the potential to be the most powerful unit in the game. The game flow of Warlords typically involves capturing the cities. The default winning condition is to conquer most of the cities on the map. The cities are the main source of new units in the game.[1] Up to four different units can be available in a single city with an ability for player to buy production — to replace the currently available units with others at some initial cost. Once the player owning the city orders production of unit, the city will provide new units of a kind until another order is issued. The production may be forwarded from one city to another, allowing player to concentrate armies on the borderline or in another location of strategic interest.[3]The cities also serve the defense purpose: the defenders of city enjoy the "city bonus", which increases armies' strength. Several units have the special ability to cancel the city bonus. Once a city falls to another player, he has a choice whether to occupy, pillage, sack or raze it. Once razed, the city can't be rebuilt. Sacking the city removes all the production options returning the player half of their cost. Pillaging the city results in removal of some production options (those being the most expensive units in Warlords and Warlords II and the units player can't produce in Warlords III). Diplomacy[edit]The relations between the players are regulated by the diplomacy: the players should declare wars before actually engaging their armies in battles. While there is a possibility to attack another player without prior negotiations, such behavior may be followed by unilateral declaration of war by all other players on a violator.[2]Battles[edit]The battles in Warlords (with the exception of Warlords IV) are non- interactive. The process of battle is shown as two enemy stacks opposing each other; when a unit is killed it disappears from the battle screen. The outcome of the battle is calculated using the units' abilities and several other factors using a sophisticated algorithm.[3]Original games of the series[edit]The games of the series are noted for the strong AI.[4][5]The games are set in the fantasy world of Etheria, and tend to be based around the traditional premise of good versus evil, with neutrality in between. Heroes on the side of good are the Sirian Knights, the mercantile Empires of Men, the elves and the dwarves. On the side of evil are the demonic horsemen: the Lord of Plague, the Lord of Famine, the Lord of War, and the ever present Lord Bane, Lord of Death. The politics of the world, however, are more complicated than they first appear, particularly in the third installment of the series. For example, the Minotaurs, who were created as servants for Sartek, the Lord of War, are a neutral race rather than an evil one. Also, the third game opens with the human Empire pillaging and exploiting the newly discovered lands of the peaceful Srrathi snakemen, in an obvious nod to the historical European conquest of the Americas. Most importantly from a player's point of view, a Hero's race is not as important in determining their moral alignment as their choice of class. For example, while the Undead are evil as a rule, an Undead Paladin would be treated as good (though such a thing is only possible in the third game, wherein all previous restrictions on race and class combinations have been removed). Warlords[edit]The first game in the series, Warlords, was created in 1. Steven Fawkner and was published by SSG. It featured eight different clans battling for the control of the mythical land of Illuria: Sirians, Storm Giants, Grey Dwarves, Orcs of Kor, Elvallie, Horse Lords, Selentines, and Lord Bane. Each clan could either be controlled by the computer or by a human player, allowing up to eight participants taking turns in hot seat play. Gameplay consisted of moving units, attacking opponent units or cities, adjusting production in cities, and moving hero units to explore ruins, temples, libraries, and to discover allies, relics, and other items. The goal of the game was to conquer the land of Illuria by capturing or razing at least two thirds of the cities in the land.[1]Reviewers cited the basic sound and average graphics of the game, compensated by simple user interface and "high dollar- to- play value".[1][6]Computer Gaming World favorably cited the sophisticated computer opponents, and concluded that the game "has everything to offer the strategy gamer who has a taste for a bit of the fantasy genre", especially those who enjoyed Empire or Reach for the Stars.[7] The magazine named the game and Command HQ as its 1. Wargames of the Year.[6] In a 1. Warlords II[edit]Following the success of Warlords, SSG released Warlords II in 1. This version included five maps (although the later released mission pack increased the number). Another new feature was 'fog of war' - optionally, enemy units or even the map could be concealed from players without units close enough to see them. The interface of the game was improved, as were the graphics (with additional unique city graphics for each different player). Moreover, the game featured multiple army, city, and terrain sets (still in 1. The updated version of the game — Warlords II Deluxe — was released in 1. It allowed for custom tile, army and city sets for maps and provided support for 2. Thanks to the publication of the editor, Warlords II Deluxe led to an increase of user- created content. Many new maps, army and terrain sets, and scenarios were distributed on the Internet for the game.[2]Warlords III[edit]After a four- year hiatus, SSG developed Warlords III: Reign of Heroes. The game was released for Microsoft Windows and used new system capabilities to dramatically improve graphics: [4]The heroes acquired the ability to cast spells to receive the temporary benefit. Each spell has its price expressed in mana points, which became the second (after gold) resource in game. The campaign system also became more advanced: the heroes from the previous game of the campaign followed the user to the new game, keeping their experience and items.[3]Another new feature of the Reign of Heroes is the flexible races concept: every player had a number of pre- defined units he was able to produce, and an additional number of units that could join him. This allowed for more consistent storyline in the campaigns and made players' advancement more challenging, as the natural production of the further cities normally wasn't matching the player's race. Unlike the previous versions Reign of Heroes provided several hero classes. Each class has its own upgrade paths and costs of upgrade options. The upgrade options themselves became user- selectable, giving the player more control over the heroes' development. The city levels in Reign of Heroes became more important, as in battles it equaled to city bonus. The players received ability to promote cities to next level for a fixed amount of gold. List of World War II video games. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Below is a list of video games that center on World War II for their setting. The Wolfenstein series. The Hidden & Dangerous series. The Medal of Honor series. The Deadly Dozen series. The Battlefield series. The Call of Duty series. The Day of Defeat series. The World War II Combat series. The Brothers in Arms series. The Sniper Elite series. The Red Orchestra series. The Wolfschanze series. Wolfschanze (2. 00. Wolfschanze 2 (2. The Battlestrike series. Battlestrike: Sniper вÐâ Call to Victory (2. Battlestrike: The Siege (2. Battlestrike: The Road to Berlin (2. Battlestrike: Secret Weapons (2. The way to win an atomic war is to make certain it never starts. ~Omar Bradley War is only a cowardly escape from the problems of peace. ~Thomas Mann. Battlestrike: Force of Resistance (2. Battlestrike: Shadow of Stalingrad (2. Battlestrike: Western and Eastern Front (2. Other. The Close Combat series. The Sudden Strike series. The Commandos series. The Blitzkrieg series. The Company of Heroes series. The Outfront series (Man of War) series. Other. The Battlestations series. Other. The Hearts of Iron series. The Making History series. Other. Flight simulators. The Battlestations series. The Silent Hunter series. Do you think you have what it takes to go into battle? Find out with war games on AddictingGames. Check out a library of new releases and all-time classics that will. Plot outline, cast and crew details, trailer, and user comments. Tank simulators. Otheri. Phone & i. Pod touch games. Android games. Board games. Interactive fiction. MMOFPS (Massive Multiplayer Online First Person Shooter)a. Battleground Europe"MMOTSG (Massive Multiplayer Online Tactical Strategy Game)Navy. Field (2. 00. 5)Blitz 1. Third- Person shooter. Historic action- adventure. Stealth Based. See also[edit]. 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Inner a {color: #0. Palatino Linotype", "Book Antiqua", Palatino, serif; background: #f. Inner a {color: #1. Arial, Helvetica, sans- serif; background: #edebe. Inner a {color: #1. Arial Black", Gadget, sans- serif; font- weight: 4. Lucida Console", Monaco, monospace; background: #1d. Inner a {color: #0. Inner a {color: #5. Palatino Linotype", "Book Antiqua", Palatino, serif; background- color: #f. Inner a {color: #1e. USER- CONFIGURABLE STYLING - - */. DEBUG - - */. . bug- green {background: #bbf. EMAIL / KINDLE POP UP - - */. Override html styling attributes */. Overlay" class="style- newspaper" xmlns=""> Tolle Handy- Spiele für i. OS, Android, Java & mehr Live Streams auf Twitch. TVDer ultimative Backwettbewerb . Unser brandneuer, deutscher Twitch. TV Kanal ist eröffnet! Schau dir Live Streams zu unseren Spielen an und gewinne coole Preise. . Hast du Lust auf ein leckeres 3- Gleiche- Spiel? Hilf Petra Pastetchen und spiele ein Puzzle- Abenteuer wie kein zweites. Jetzt laden! Subgame Perfect Equilibrium; A solution concept in game theory: Relationships; Subset of: Nash equilibrium: Intersects with: Evolutionarily stable strategy. Does Culture Matter in Economic Behavior? Ultimatum Game Bargaining Among the Machiguenga of the Peruvian Amazon By JOSEPH HENRICH* During the last 20 years. Ultimatum game - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Extensive form representation of a two proposal ultimatum game. Player 1 can offer a fair (F) or unfair (U) proposal; player 2 can accept (A) or reject (R). The ultimatum game is a game in economic experiments. The first player (the proposer) receives a sum of money and proposes how to divide the sum between the proposer and the other player. The second player (the responder) chooses to either accept or reject this proposal. If the second player accepts, the money is split according to the proposal. If the second player rejects, neither player receives any money. The game is typically played only once so that reciprocation is not an issue. Equilibrium analysis[edit]For illustration, we will suppose there is a smallest division of the good available (say 1 cent).
Suppose that the total amount of money available is x. The first player chooses some amount p he will keep for himself in the interval [0,x], the second player will then receive x- p. The second player chooses some functionf: [0, x] в†’ {"accept", "reject"} (i. We will represent the strategy profile as (p, f), where p is the proposal and f is the function. If f(p) = "accept" the first receives p and the second xв€’p, otherwise both get zero.(p, f(p)) is a Nash equilibrium of the ultimatum game if f(p) = "accept" and there is no y > p such that f(y) = "accept" (i. The first player would not want to unilaterally increase his/her demand since the second would reject any higher demand. The second would not want to reject the demand, since he/she would then get nothing. There is one other Nash equilibrium where p = x and f(y) = "reject" for all y> 0 (i. Here both players get nothing, but neither could get more by unilaterally changing his/her strategy. However, only one of these Nash equilibria satisfies a more restrictive equilibrium concept, subgame perfection. Suppose that the first demands a large amount that gives the second some (small) amount of money. By rejecting the demand, the second is choosing nothing rather than something. So, it would be better for the second to choose to accept any demand that gives him/her any amount whatsoever. If the first knows this, he/she will give the second the smallest (non- zero) amount possible.[1]Experimental results[edit]When carried out between members of a shared social group (e. One limited study on monozygotic and dizygotic twins claims that genetic variation can have an effect on reactions to unfair offers, though the study failed to employ actual controls for environmental differences.[4] It has also been found that delaying the responder's decision makes people accept "unfair" offers more often.[5][6][7]Common chimpanzees behaved similarly to human by proposing fair offers in one version of the ultimatum game involving direct interaction between the chimpanzees.[8] However, another study also published in November 2. As of February 2. Explanations[edit]The highly mixed results (along with similar results in the Dictator game) have been taken to be both evidence for and against the so- called "Homo economicus" assumptions of rational, utility- maximizing, individual decisions. Since an individual who rejects a positive offer is choosing to get nothing rather than something, that individual must not be acting solely to maximize his economic gain, unless one incorporates economic applications of social, psychological, and methodological factors (such as the observer effect).[citation needed] Several attempts have been made to explain this behavior. Some suggest that individuals are maximizing their expected utility, but money does not translate directly into expected utility.[1. Perhaps individuals get some psychological benefit from engaging in punishment or receive some psychological harm from accepting a low offer. It could also be the case that the second player, by having the power to reject the offer, uses such power as leverage against the first player, thus motivating him to be fair.[citation needed]The classical explanation of the ultimatum game as a well- formed experiment approximating general behaviour often leads to a conclusion that the rational behavior in assumption is accurate to a degree, but must encompass additional vectors of decision making.[citation needed] Behavioral economic and psychological accounts suggest that second players who reject offers less than 5. An altruistic punishment account suggests that rejections occur out of altruism: people reject unfair offers to teach the first player a lesson and thereby reduce the likelihood that the player will make an unfair offer in the future. Thus, rejections are made to benefit the second player in the future, or other people in the future. By contrast, a self- control account suggests that rejections constitute a failure to inhibit a desire to punish the first player for making an unfair offer. Morewedge, Krishnamurti, and Ariely (2. As intoxication tends to exacerbate decision makers' prepotent response, this result provides support for the self- control than the altruistic punishment account. Other research from social cognitive neuroscience supports this finding.[1. However, several competing models suggest ways to bring the cultural preferences of the players within the optimized utility function of the players in such a way as to preserve the utility maximizing agent as a feature of microeconomics. For example, researchers have found that Mongolian proposers tend to offer even splits despite knowing that very unequal splits are almost always accepted.[1. Similar results from other small- scale societies players have led some researchers to conclude that "reputation" is seen as more important than any economic reward.[1. Others have proposed the social status of the responder may be part of the payoff.[1. Another way of integrating the conclusion with utility maximization is some form of inequity aversion model (preference for fairness). Even in anonymous one- shot settings, the economic- theory suggested outcome of minimum money transfer and acceptance is rejected by over 8. An explanation which was originally quite popular was the "learning" model, in which it was hypothesized that proposers’ offers would decay towards the sub game perfect Nash equilibrium (almost zero) as they mastered the strategy of the game; this decay tends to be seen in other iterated games.[citation needed] However, this explanation (bounded rationality) is less commonly offered now, in light of subsequent empirical evidence.[1. It has been hypothesised (e. James Surowiecki) that very unequal allocations are rejected only because the absolute amount of the offer is low.[citation needed] The concept here is that if the amount to be split were ten million dollars a 9. Essentially, this explanation says that the absolute amount of the endowment is not significant enough to produce strategically optimal behaviour. However, many experiments have been performed where the amount offered was substantial: studies by Cameron and Hoffman et al. USD game played in Indonesia, where average per- capita income for is much lower than in United States. Rejections are reportedly independent of the stakes at this level, with 3. USD offers being turned down in Indonesia, as in the United States, even though this equates to two week's wages in Indonesia. However, more recent research has actually shown that "as stakes increase, rejection rates approach zero".[1. Neurological explanations[edit]Generous offers in the ultimatum game (offers exceeding the minimum acceptable offer) are commonly made. Zak, Stanton & Ahmadi (2. They varied empathy by infusing participants with intranasal oxytocin or placebo (blinded). They affected perspective- taking by asking participants to make choices as both player 1 and player 2 in the ultimatum game, with later random assignment to one of these. Oxytocin increased generous offers by 8. Oxytocin did not affect the minimum acceptance threshold or offers in the dictator game (meant to measure altruism). This indicates that emotions drive generosity. Rejections in the ultimatum game have been shown to be caused by adverse physiologic reactions to stingy offers.[1. In a brain imaging experiment by Sanfey et al., stingy offers (relative to fair and hyperfair offers) differentially activated several brain areas, especially the anterior insular cortex, a region associated with visceral disgust. If Player 1 in the ultimatum game anticipates this response to a stingy offer, they may be more generous. An increase in rational decisions in the game has been found among experienced Buddhistmeditators. MRI data show that meditators recruit the posterior insular cortex (associated with interoception) during unfair offers and show reduced activity in the anterior insular cortex compared to controls.[1. People whose serotonin levels have been artificially lowered will reject unfair offers more often than players with normal serotonin levels.[2. This is true whether the players are on placebo or are infused with a hormone that makes them more generous in the ultimatum game.[2. People who have ventromedial frontal cortex lesions were found to be more likely to reject unfair offers.[2. This was suggested to be due to the abstractness and delay of the reward, rather than an increased emotional response to the unfairness of the offer.[2. Evolutionary game theory[edit]Other authors have used evolutionary game theory to explain behavior in the ultimatum game.[2. Simple evolutionary models, e. These authors have attempted to provide increasingly complex models to explain fair behavior. Sociological applications[edit]The ultimatum game is important from a sociological perspective, because it illustrates the human unwillingness to accept injustice. The tendency to refuse small offers may also be seen as relevant to the concept of honour. Subgame perfect equilibrium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. In game theory, a subgame perfect equilibrium (or subgame perfect Nash equilibrium) is a refinement of a Nash equilibrium used in dynamic games. A strategy profile is a subgame perfect equilibrium if it represents a Nash equilibrium of every subgame of the original game. Informally, this means that if (1) the players played any smaller game that consisted of only one part of the larger game and (2) their behavior represents a Nash equilibrium of that smaller game, then their behavior is a subgame perfect equilibrium of the larger game. Every finite extensive game has a subgame perfect equilibrium.[1]A common method for determining subgame perfect equilibria in the case of a finite game is backward induction. Here one first considers the last actions of the game and determines which actions the final mover should take in each possible circumstance to maximize his/her utility. One then supposes that the last actor will do these actions, and considers the second to last actions, again choosing those that maximize that actor's utility. This process continues until one reaches the first move of the game. The strategies which remain are the set of all subgame perfect equilibria for finite- horizon extensive games of perfect information.[1] However, backward induction cannot be applied to games of imperfect or incomplete information because this entails cutting through non- singleton information sets. A subgame perfect equilibria necessarily satisfies the One- Shot deviation principle. The set of subgame perfect equilibria for a given game is always a subset of the set of Nash equilibria for that game. In some cases the sets can be identical. The Ultimatum game provides an intuitive example of a game with fewer subgame perfect equilibria than Nash equilibria. Example[edit]An example for a game possessing an ordinary Nash equilibrium and a subgame perfect equilibrium is shown in Figure 1. The strategies for player 1 are given by whereas player 2 has the choice between as his choice to be kind or unkind to player 1 might depend on the choice previously made by player 1. Figure 1: An extensive- form game together with two different equilibria. An extensive- form game. A Nash equilibrium which is not subgame perfect. A subgame perfect equilibrium. The payoff matrix of the game is shown in Table 1. Observe that there are two different equilibria, which are also shown in Figure 1. Consider the equilibrium given by the strategy profile (shown in the middle). Observe that while the profile is obviously a Nash equilibrium the behaviour of player 2 is rather hard to justify when we look at his choice at the node : By choosing strategy instead of player 2 would increase his profit if node would actually be reached during the progress of the game. More formally, the equilibrium is not an equilibrium with respect to the subgame induced by node . It is likely that in real life player 2 would choose the strategy instead which would in turn inspire player 1 to change his strategy to . The resulting profile (shown on the right) is not only a Nash equilibrium but it is also an equilibrium in all subgames (induced by the nodes resp ). It is therefore a subgame perfect equilibrium. Table 1: Payoff matrix(K, K)(K, U)(U, U)(U, K)L(3, 1)(3, 1)(1, 3)(1, 3)R(2, 1)(0, 0)(0, 0)(2, 1)Finding subgame- perfect equilibria[edit]. One game in which the backward induction solution is well known is tic- tac- toe. Reinhard Selten proved that any game which can be broken into "sub- games" containing a sub- set of all the available choices in the main game will have a subgame perfect Nash Equilibrium strategy (possibly as a mixed strategy giving non- deterministic sub- game decisions). Subgame perfection is only used with games of complete information. Subgame perfection can be used with extensive form games of complete but imperfect information. The subgame- perfect Nash equilibrium is normally deduced by "backward induction" from the various ultimate outcomes of the game, eliminating branches which would involve any player making a move that is not credible (because it is not optimal) from that node. One game in which the backward induction solution is well known is tic- tac- toe, but in theory even Go has such an optimum strategy for all players. The interesting aspect of the word "credible" in the preceding paragraph is that taken as a whole (disregarding the irreversibility of reaching sub- games) strategies exist which are superior to subgame perfect strategies, but which are not credible in the sense that a threat to carry them out will harm the player making the threat and prevent that combination of strategies. For instance in the game of "chicken" if one player has the option of ripping the steering wheel from their car they should always take it because it leads to a "sub game" in which their rational opponent is precluded from doing the same thing (and killing them both). The wheel- ripper will always win the game (making his opponent swerve away), and the opponent's threat to suicidally follow suit is not credible. See also[edit]References[edit]^ ab. Osborne, M. J. (2. An Introduction to Game Theory. Oxford University Press. External links[edit]. It began with a spark. From February 8 to 24, 2002, the Salt Lake Olympic Winter Games ignited the passion of 2,399 athletes representing 77 delegations, 22,000. Events > Olympics > Winter > Sports. List of Winter Olympic Sports. This page is about the Winter Olympics. Go here for the list of summer Olympic Games sports. The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, Greece. Competition was among. Events > Olympics > Winter > Hosts. Winter Olympics Host City List. The winter Olympic Games were first held in 1924, beginning a tradition of holding them a few. From Candidate to Host City The Olympic Games is a unique and complex project, and its size, scope and complexity are like no other. For this reason, for a city to. Science and Engineering of the 2014 Olympic Winter Games. NBC Learn and NBC Sports, in partnership with the National Science Foundation, explore the science. The International Olympic Committee. The IOC is the organisation that governs the games. It decides which sports and events are held at the games. The Winter Olympic Games (French: Jeux olympiques d'hiver) [nb 1] is a major international sporting event that occurs once every four years. Unlike the Summer. The Olympic Games is an international deez nuts multi-sport event subdivided into summer and winter sporting events. The summer and winter games are each held every. Olympic Games - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Visualization of the Olympic Games. The modern Olympic Games or Olympics (French: Jeux olympiques[1]) are the leading international sporting event featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games are considered to be the world's foremost sports competition with more than 2. The Olympic Games are held every four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years but two years apart. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1. The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 2. Olympic Games. Some of these adjustments include the creation of the Winter Olympic Games for ice and winter sports, the Paralympic Games for athletes with a disability, and the Youth Olympic Games for teenage athletes. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic, political, and technological advancements. As a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allowing participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship and commercialization of the Games. World wars led to the cancellation of the 1. Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1. Games. The Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations (IFs), National Olympic Committees (NOCs), and organizing committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision- making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, and organizes and funds the Games according to the Olympic Charter. The IOC also determines the Olympic program, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies. Over 1. 3,0. 00 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 3. The first, second, and third- place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals: gold, silver, and bronze, respectively. The Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, and a terrorist attack in 1. Every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to showcase themselves to the world. Ancient Olympics. The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, Greece. Competition was among representatives of several city- states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat sports such as wrestling and the pankration, horse and chariot racing events. It has been widely written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city- states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce.[3] This idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were traveling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus.[4] The origin of the Olympics is shrouded in mystery and legend; one of the most popular myths identifies Heracles and his father Zeus as the progenitors of the Games.[6] According to legend, it was Heracles who first called the Games "Olympic" and established the custom of holding them every four years.[9] The myth continues that after Heracles completed his twelve labors, he built the Olympic Stadium as an honor to Zeus. Following its completion, he walked in a straight line for 2. Greek: ПѓП„О¬ОґО№ОїОЅ, Latin: stadium, "stage"), which later became a unit of distance. The most widely accepted inception date for the Ancient Olympics is 7. BC; this is based on inscriptions, found at Olympia, listing the winners of a footrace held every four years starting in 7. BC.[1. 0] The Ancient Games featured running events, a pentathlon (consisting of a jumping event, discus and javelin throws, a foot race, and wrestling), boxing, wrestling, pankration, and equestrian events.[1. Tradition has it that Coroebus, a cook from the city of Elis, was the first Olympic champion. The Olympics were of fundamental religious importance, featuring sporting events alongside ritual sacrifices honoring both Zeus (whose famous statue by Phidias stood in his temple at Olympia) and Pelops, divine hero and mythical king of Olympia. Pelops was famous for his chariot race with King Oenomaus of Pisatis. The winners of the events were admired and immortalized in poems and statues. The Games were held every four years, and this period, known as an Olympiad, was used by Greeks as one of their units of time measurement. The Games were part of a cycle known as the Panhellenic Games, which included the Pythian Games, the Nemean Games, and the Isthmian Games.[1. The Olympic Games reached their zenith in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, but then gradually declined in importance as the Romans gained power and influence in Greece. While there is no scholarly consensus as to when the Games officially ended, the most commonly held date is 3. AD, when the emperor Theodosius I decreed that all pagan cults and practices be eliminated.[1. Another date commonly cited is 4. AD, when his successor, Theodosius II, ordered the destruction of all Greek temples. Modern Games. Forerunners. Various uses of the term "Olympic" to describe athletic events in the modern era have been documented since the 1. The first such event was the Cotswold Games or "Cotswold Olimpick Games", an annual meeting near Chipping Campden, England, involving various sports. It was first organized by the lawyer Robert Dover between 1. The British Olympic Association, in its bid for the 2. Olympic Games in London, mentioned these games as "the first stirrings of Britain's Olympic beginnings".[1. L'Olympiade de la RГ©publique, a national Olympic festival held annually from 1. Revolutionary France also attempted to emulate the ancient Olympic Games.[2. The competition included several disciplines from the ancient Greek Olympics. The 1. 79. 6 Games also marked the introduction of the metric system into sport.[2. In 1. 85. 0 an Olympian Class was started by Dr. William Penny Brookes at Much Wenlock, in Shropshire, England. In 1. 85. 9, Dr. Brookes changed the name to the Wenlock Olympian Games. This annual sports festival continues to this day. The Wenlock Olympian Society was founded by Dr. Brookes on 1. 5 November 1. Between 1. 86. 2 and 1. Liverpool held an annual Grand Olympic Festival. Devised by John Hulley and Charles Melly, these games were the first to be wholly amateur in nature and international in outlook, although only 'gentlemen amateurs' could compete. The programme of the first modern Olympiad in Athens in 1. Liverpool Olympics.[2. In 1. 86. 5 Hulley, Dr. Brookes and E. G. Ravenstein founded the National Olympian Association in Liverpool, a forerunner of the British Olympic Association. Its articles of foundation provided the framework for the International Olympic Charter. In 1. 86. 6, a national Olympic Games in Great Britain was organized at London's Crystal Palace.[2. Revival. A postage stamp from the first Greek Olympic stamp set. Greek interest in reviving the Olympic Games began with the Greek War of Independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1. It was first proposed by poet and newspaper editor Panagiotis Soutsos in his poem "Dialogue of the Dead", published in 1. Evangelos Zappas, a wealthy Greek- Romanian philanthropist, first wrote to King Otto of Greece, in 1. Olympic Games. Zappas sponsored the first Olympic Games in 1. Athens city square. Athletes participated from Greece and the Ottoman Empire. Zappas funded the restoration of the ancient Panathenaic Stadium so that it could host all future Olympic Games. The stadium hosted Olympics in 1. Thirty thousand spectators attended that Games in 1. Games. In 1. 89. 0, after attending the Olympian Games of the Wenlock Olympian Society, Baron Pierre de Coubertin was inspired to found the International Olympic Committee (IOC).[3. Coubertin built on the ideas and work of Brookes and Zappas with the aim of establishing internationally rotating Olympic Games that would occur every four years.[3. He presented these ideas during the first Olympic Congress of the newly created International Olympic Committee. This meeting was held from 1. June 1. 89. 4, at the University of Paris. On the last day of the Congress, it was decided that the first Olympic Games to come under the auspices of the IOC would take place in Athens in 1. The IOC elected the Greek writer Demetrius Vikelas as its first president. Games. The first Games held under the auspices of the IOC was hosted in the Panathenaic stadium in Athens in 1. The Games brought together 1. Zappas and his cousin Konstantinos Zappas had left the Greek government a trust to fund future Olympic Games. This trust was used to help finance the 1. Games.[3. 7][3. 8]George Averoff contributed generously for the refurbishment of the stadium in preparation for the Games. The Greek government also provided funding, which was expected to be recouped through the sale of tickets and from the sale of the first Olympic commemorative stamp set. Greek officials and the public were enthusiastic about the experience of hosting an Olympic Games. This feeling was shared by many of the athletes, who even demanded that Athens be the permanent Olympic host city. Xbox 3. 60 Games, Systems, and Accessories on Sale. 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For fans of classic Japanese- style roleplaying games, Bravely Default was one of the best releases of the past decade. Though it owes much of its gameplay concepts to the roleplaying epics of the 1. Bravely Default also featured truly inventive combat design that cuts away all the bloat and grinding and annoying bits that fans of the genre have grudgingly come to expect. Bravely Second: End Layer maintains this streamlined, customization- friendly gameplay, but adds improved graphics, a drastically expanded story, new, interesting characters, new, dazzling spells, and new, worryingly addictive Street. Pass options. Bravely Second: End Layer is currently available in Japan, but has yet to be granted a Western launch. Bravely Default also spent some time exclusive to Japan before appearing in the West, so the odds of an eventual worldwide release for its sequel seem fair to good. If it helps you wait, know that notoriously rigid Japanese gaming magazine Famitsu has awarded Bravely Second: End Layer an impressive score of 3. Find the release dates of PlayStation 4 games coming out soon. IGN has game trailers, previews, interviews, wikis and more to tease and inform you. GameStop: Buy Ultimate Marvel vs Capcom 3, Capcom, PlayStation 3, Find release dates, customer reviews, previews and screenshots. Find the release dates of PlayStation 3 games coming out soon. IGN has game trailers, previews, interviews, wikis and more to tease and inform you. Looking for new games to add to you 3DS collection. Here's our list of the upcoming 3DS games of 2015. A huge collection of best PS3 games 2006-2015 that contains sport, fighting, racing, adventure, horror, shooter, RPG, strategy, puzzle, classic. |
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